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Clara Sayffaerth, Ehbal Ablimit, Annika Köhler, Jonas Wombacher, Albrecht Schmidt, Florian Mueller
Do It Fast, Forget It Fast: How Timing and Limb Visualizations Affect First-Person Augmented Reality Instructions
Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26), April 13--17, 2026, Barcelona, Spain (bib)

Acquiring tacit knowledge and practical skills often depends on direct observation and in situ training. AR offers an alternative by overlaying first-person step-by-step instructions that guide users through tasks such as assembly and repair. Previous work demonstrates the effectiveness of AR instruction for specific applications. In our experimental work, we systematically explore aspects of the broader design space. We conducted a controlled experiment (n = 40) to investigate three key factors identified in learning theory and XR embodiment research: imitation timing (parallel vs. sequential), limb visualization (hand vs. full arm), and limb visibility (opaque vs. semi-transparent). Across all conditions, participants followed AR instructions and afterward repeated the tasks from memory. We assessed performance, user experience, and retention. Our results show that parallel imitation is faster and increases embodiment, whereas sequential imitation enhances memory retention and comfort. Our findings provide guidance for the temporal and visual design of first-person AR tutorials.